Amis on Larkin--1

Martin Amis on Philip Larkin

(from Understanding Martin Amis, by James Diedrick; click on the title to order from amazon.com)

Amis's short obituary essay on Philip Larkin in The Observer (1991) is a penetrating assessment of Larkin's poetic vision and a reminder that Amis's own comically bleak outlook derives in part from England's unofficial laureate of diminishment. In his later essay published in the New Yorker ("Don Juan in Hull," 1992), Amis analyzes the waxing and waning of Larkin's literary reputation; this shorter piece, written the year of Larkin's death, is a concise elegy. Even here, Amis's gift for comic surprise comes into play:

Philip Larkin was not an inescapable presence in America, as he was in England; and to some extent you can see America's point. His Englishness was so desolate and inhospitable that even the English were scandalised by it. Certainly, you won't find his work on the Personal Growth or Self-Improvement shelves in your local bookstore. "Get out as early as you can," as he once put it. "And don't have any kids yourself."

All his values and attitudes were utterly, even fanatically "negative." He really was "anti-life"--a condition that many are accused of but few achieve. To put it at its harshest, you could say that there is in his ethos a vein of spiritual poverty, almost of spiritual squalor. Along with John Betjeman, he was England's best-loved postwar poet; but he didn't love postwar England, or anything else. He didn't love--end of story--because love seemed derisory when set against death. "The past is past and the future neuter"; "Life is first boredom, then fear"....That these elements should have produced a corpus full of truth, beauty, instruction, delight--and much wincing humour--is one of the many great retrievals wrought by irony. Everything about Larkin rests on irony, that English specialty and vice. [118-9]

"Don Juan in Hull," ostensibly a review of Andrew Motion's biography Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life, constitutes an extended rumination on the politics of literary reputation. Amis begins by noting that in less than ten years, from his death in 1985 to 1993, Philip Larkin went from being England's "best- loved" poet to "something like a pariah." "In the early eighties, the common mind imagined Larkin as a reclusive yet twinkly drudge--bald, bespectacled, bicycle-clipped, slumped in a shabby library gaslit against the dusk. In the early nineties, we see a fuddled Scrooge and bigot, his singlet-clad form barely visible through a mephitis of alcohol, anality, and spank magazines."

Three books were largely responsible for this transformation: Larkin's Collected Poems(1988) and Selected Letters(1992), both edited by Anthony Thwaite, and Motion's biography (1993). Thwaite's decision to integrate Larkin's published and unpublished verses in the Collected Poems meant that Larkin's judgment about his work was set aside in favor of what Amis calls a "looser and more promiscuous corpus, containing `squibs and snippets, rambling failures later abandoned, lecherous doggerel ...'" (74). When the Selected Letters followed, they revealed a man whose private sentiments were rife with unexamined prejudice. The poet and literary critic Tom Paulin called the Letters a "revolting compilation which imperfectly reveals and conceals the sewer under the national monument Larkin became" (74). This attack became part of a chorus of condemnation after Motion's biography appeared. Although Motion himself criticized the ahistorical quality of these attacks, and their naive "conflation of life and art," Amis views Motion's biography as a major contribution to the demolition project. "Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life is confidently managed, and chasteningly thorough; it is also an anthology of the contemporary tendencies toward the literal, the conformist, and the amnesiac" (76).

Amis calls the "racial hatred--and fear--in the Selected Letters...insistent . . . and very ugly." But letters are "soundless cries and whispers; 'gouts of bile,' as Larkin characterized his political opinions . . . never your last word on any subject. Although in Larkin's writings on jazz (collected in AllWhatJazz)) admiration and nostalgia for black musicians are sometimes tinged with condescension, there is no public side to Larkin's prejudices." The term "racism," which constitutes a subject heading in the index to Motion's biography, "suggests a system of thought, rather than an absence of thought, which would be closer to the reality--closer to the jolts and twitches of stock response. Like mood-cliches, Larkin's racial snarls were inherited propositions, shamefully unexamined, humiliatingly average. These were his 'spots of commonness,' in George Eliot's sense. He failed to shed them" (79).

Amis argues that the "unprecedentedly violent" reaction against Larkin "does not--could not--derive from literature: it derives from ideology, or from the vaguer promptings of a new ethos" (74). This ethos, which Amis's own writing at least partially embraces, is a product of progressive liberalism, derided by the reactionary press under the label "political correctness" or the abbreviated diminutive "P.C." Amis defends the impulses behind the negatively-charged phrase.

P.C. begins with the very American--and attractive and honorable--idea that no one should feel ashamed of what he was born as, of what he is. Of what he does, of what he says, yes; but not ashamed of what he is. Viewed at its grandest, P.C. is an attempt to accelerate evolution. To speak truthfully, while that's still O.K., everybody is "racist," or has racial prejudices. This is because human beings tend to like the similar, the familiar, the familial. I am a racist; I am not as racist as my parents; my children will not be as racist as I am. (Larkin was less racist than his parents; his children would have been less racist than he.) Freedom from racial prejudice is what we hope for, down the line. Impatient with this hope, this process, P.C. seeks to get the thing done right now--in a generation. To achieve this, it will need a busy executive wing, and much invigilation. What it will actually entrain is another ton of false consciousness, to add to the megatons of false consciousness already aboard, and then a backlash. (79-80)

Only in the last three sentences here does Amis adopt the tendency of his opponents. Several times in the essay Amis's critique of the anti-Larkin campaign strikes a similarly strident note, but it never rests there.

Amis has two major aims in this essay. The first reflects his modernist aesthetic principles: Larkin's poetry, like any artist's work, should be judged on its own merits, not on the basis of extra-artistic considerations. In light of this, the controversy surrounding Larkin's personal life is insignificant, "because only the poems matter." Nonetheless, "the spectacle holds the attention" (74), and since the spectacle has produced spectacular distortions, Amis also seeks to expose them. For most of the essay, he does so by deconstructing the rhetoric of righteous sensationalism adopted by Larkin's attackers. He concludes this portion of his argument by quoting from two of Larkin's poems ("If, My Darling" and "Toads"), showing that "the recent attempts, by Motion and others, to pass judgment on Larkin look awfully green and pale compared with the self-examination of the poetry. He judges them. His indivisibility judges their hedging and trimming" (81-2).

Amis wisely withholds his own long acquaintance with Larkin until the final paragraphs of the essay. The poet was his father's best friend, his brother's godfather, and a frequent visitor to "the series of flats and houses where I spent my first ten years, in Swansea, South Wales" (82). It was the custom then for godfathers to give money to their godsons when they visited, and since Larkin was "a genuine miser," his performance of this ritual was always solemn ("the tip . . . would be doled out in priestly silence"). Amis writes that when he readdresses his "eager, timid, childish feelings in [Larkin's] presence, I find solidity as well as oddity, and tolerant humor (held in reserve, in case it was needed) as well as the given melancholy" (82). Like Larkin's humor, Amis's biographical evidence is held in reserve until needed. It serves as a coda to an essay that restores some measure of balance to the debate about Larkin's life and legacy. (123-27)

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